Articles (online)


A – General Issues

‒ Henri BRESC, Les Fatimides, les Croisés et l’habitat fortifié, in: A. Bazzana, P. Guichard, J.-M. Poisson (eds), Habitats fortifiés et organisation de l’espace en Méditerranée médiévale. Table ronde tenue à Lyon les 4 et 5 mai 1982, (Travaux de la Maison de l’Orient, 4) Lyon 1983, pp. 29-34
‒ Paul DESCHAMPS, Les entrées des châteaux des Croisés en Syrie et leurs défenses, in: Syria 13-4 (1932), pp. 369-387
‒ Cédric DEVAIS, L’expression du pouvoir aux frontières du royaume de Jérusalem: terre de Suète et Oultre-Jourdain au XIIème siècle, in: Bulletin d’Études Orientales, Supplément 57 (2008), pp. 19-30
‒ Jean-Pascal FOURDRIN, L’association de la niche et de l’archère dans les fortifications élevées en Syrie entre le VIe et le XIIe siècle, in: Syria 75 (1998), pp. 279-294
‒ Fritz FRECH, Die armenischen Burgen, in: Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin 9 (1915), pp. 576-580
‒ Balázs MAJOR, Crusader Towers of the Terre de Calife and its Vicinity, in: K. Dévényi, T. Iványi (eds), Proceedings of the Arabic and Islamic Sections of the 35th International Congress of Asian and North African Studies (ICANAS), Part One, Budapest, 1-7 July 1997, (The Arabist, Budapest Studies in Arabic, 19-20) Budapest 1998, pp. 211-228
‒ Jean MESQUI, La fortification des Croisés au temps de Saint-Louis au Proche-Orient, in: Bullentin Monumental 164-1 (2006), pp. 5-29
‒ Benjamin MICHAUDEL, The Use of Fortification as a Political Instrument by the Ayyubids and the Mamluks in Bilād al-Shām and in Egypt (Twelfth-Thirteenth Centuries), in: Mamluk Studies Review 11 (2007), pp. 55-67
‒ Benjamin MICHAUDEL, La fortification comme sceptre des Ayyoubides et des Mamelouks dans le Bilād al-Shām et en Égypte à l’époque des croisades, in: Bulletin d’Études Orientales, Supplément 57 (2009), pp. 51-64
‒ Benjamin MICHAUDEL, La poliorcétique au temps de Saladin. L’exemple de la campagne militaire de 1188 en Syrie côtière, in: Annales Islamologiques 43 (2009), pp. 245-272
‒ Joshua PRAWER, Colonization activities in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, in: Revue belge de philologie et d’histoire 29 (1951), pp. 1063-1118
‒ Kate RAPHAEL, The impact of the 1157 and 1170 Syrian earthquakes on Crusader–Muslim politics and military affairs, in: M. Sintubin, I.S. Stewart, T.M. Niemi, E. Altunel (eds), Ancient Earthquakes, (Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 471) Boulder 2010, pp. 59-66
‒ Guido VANNINI, Michele NUCCIOTTI, Fondazione e riuso dei luoghi forti nella Transgiordania crociata. La messa a punto di un sistema territoriale di controllo della valle di Petra, in: R. Fiorillo, P. Peduto (eds), III Congresso Nazionale di Archeologia Medievale, Salerno 2 - 5 ottobre 2003, Firenze 2003, pp. 520-525
‒ Cyril YOVITCHITCH, Die Befestigung der Tore aiyubidischer Burgen – Herausbildung eines Standards, in: M. Piana (ed.), Burgen und Städte der Kreuzzugszeit. (Studien zur internationalen Architektur- und Kunstgeschichte, 65) Petersberg 2008, pp. 110-117


B – Crusader and Armenian Fortifications

Acre (‘Akko, ‘Akkā), city wall:
‒ Eliezer STERN, ‘Akko, the Old City 2000–2001, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 119 (2007), 3/1/2007 (circular Crusader tower at north wall beneath Ottoman Treasury tower)
‒ Ayelet THATCHER, ‘Akko, the Northern Moat. Final Report, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 119 (2007), 18/12/2007
‒ Ehud GALILI et al., The Evolution of Akko Harbor and its Mediterranean Maritime Trade Links, in: Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology 5 (2010), pp. 191-211
‒ Leea PORAT, ‘Akko. Final Report, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 125 (2013), 07/08/2013 (Crusader vault, probably part of city wall)

Acre (‘Akko, ‘Akkā), Hospitaller Centre:
‒ Eliezer STERN, ‘Akko, the Citadel, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 119 (2007), 18/12/2007 (report of 2002 excavations)
‒ Eliezer STERN, Hanaa ABU-‘UQSA, ‘Akko, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 120 (2008), 20/3/2008 (report of 2004 excavations)

Andros Castle:
‒ Nikos D. KONTOGIANNIS, Smaragdi ARVANITIS, The Medieval Kato Kastro (Lower Castle) of Andros: Excavation Data and Ceramic Material, in: B. Böhlendorf-Arslan, A.O. Uysal, J. Witte-Or (eds), Çanak. Late Antique and Medieval Pottery and Tiles in Mediterranean Archaeological Contexts, Proceedings of the First International Symposium (Çanakkale 1-3 June 2005), (Byzas, 7) Istanbul 2007, pp. 349-362

Antiochia, city wall:
‒ Krijnie CIGGAAR, Antioche : les sources croisées et le plan de la ville, in: C. Saliou (ed.), Les sources de l’histoire du paysage urbain d’Antioche sur l’Oronte. Actes des journées d’études des 20 et 21 septembre 2010, Paris 2010, pp. 223-234
‒ Hatice PAMİR, Preliminary results of the recent archaeological researches in Antioch on the Orontes and its vicinity, in: C. Saliou (ed.), Les sources de l’histoire du paysage urbain d’Antioche sur l’Oronte. Actes des journées d’études des 20 et 21 septembre 2010, Paris 2010, pp. 259-270

‘Arqā (Archas), citadel:
‒ Pièrre LERICHE, Les défenses orientales de Tell Arqa au Moyen Age, in: Syria 60-1-2 (1983), pp. 111-132

Arsūf (Arsur), town and citadel:
‒ Reuven AMITAI, The Conquest of Arsūf by Baybars: Political and Military Aspects, in: Mamluk Studies Review 9 (2005), pp. 61-83
‒ Kate RAPHAEL, Yotam TEPPER, The Archaeological Evidence from the Mamluk Siege of Arsūf, in: Mamluk Studies Review 9 (2005), pp. 85-100
‒ Oren TAL, Apollonia-Arsuf, 2006 and 2009, in: Israel Exploration Journal 60 (2010), pp. 107-114
‒ Oren TAL (ed.), The Last Supper at Apollonia. The Final Days of the Crusader Castle in Herzliya, Tel Aviv 2011
‒ Dana ASHKENAZY, Oz GOLAN, Oren TAL, An Archaeometallurgical Study of 13th-century Arrowheads and Bolts from the Crusader Castle of Arsuf/Arsur, in: Archaeometry 55-2 (2013), pp. 235-257
‒ Ruth E. JACKSON-TAL, Oren TAL, Crusader Glass in Context: The Destruction of Arsur (Apollonia-Arsuf, Israel), April 1265, in: Journal of Glass Studies 55 (2013), pp. 85-100
‒ Hauke KENZLER, Barbara SCHOLKMANN, Annette ZEISCHKA-KENZLER, Arsur – Stadt der Kreuzfahrer, in: Archäologie in Deutschland 4 (2014), pp. 12-17

Ascalon (‘Asqalān), town:
‒ Victor GUÉRIN, Description des ruines d’Ascalon, in: Bulletin de la Société de Géographie, 4. sér., 13 (1857), pp. 81-95
‒ Adrian BOAS, Mathias PIANA, Die Kreuzfahrerstadt Ascalon, in: M. Piana (ed.): Burgen und Städte der Kreuzzugszeit, (Studien zur internationalen Architektur- und Kunstgeschichte, 65) Petersberg 2008, pp. 263-273

Bānyās (Belinas), town wall:
‒ Aryeh GRABOÏS, La cité de Banias et le château de Subeibeh pendant les croisades, in: Cahiers de la civilisation médiévale 13 (1970), pp. 43-62 (outdated concerning Subeibeh)
‒ Moshe HARTAL, Banias, The Southwestern Tower. Final Report, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 119 (2007), 16/4/2007

Beaufort Castle (Qal‘at Šaqīf ‘Arnūn):
‒ Pierre GRUSSENMEYER, Jean YASMINE, The restoration of Beaufort castle (South Lebanon): a 3D restitution according to historical documentation, in: M.O. Altan (ed.), New perspectives to save cultural heritage. Proceedings of the XIXth International Symposium, CIPA 2003, Antalya (Turkey), 30 September - 04 October 2003, (The CIPA international archives for documentation of cultural heritage, 19) Istanbul 2003, pp. 322-327
‒ Pierre GRUSSENMEYER, Jean YASMINE, Photogrammetry for the Preparation of Archaeological Excavation: a 3D Restitution According to Modern and Archive Images of Beaufort Castle Landscape (Lebanon), in: M.O. Altan (ed.), Proceedings of the XXth Congress of the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS), (International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 35, Part B5) Istanbul 2004, pp. 809-814
‒ Jean YASMINE, Beaufort Castle, Lebanon; conservation versus restoration project, in: D. D’Ayala, E. Fodde (eds), Structural Analysis of Historic Construction: Preserving Safety and Significance. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historic Construction, 2-4 July 2008, Bath, United Kingdom, vol. 2, Boca Raton 2008, pp. 1407-1414
‒ Jean YASMINE, Le château de Beaufort (Qal‘at Šaqīf ‘Arnūn). Nouveau relevé, nouvelle lecture, in: Burgen und Schlösser 50-4 (2009), pp. 233-241

Beroard Castle (Qal‘at al-Mīna):
‒ Reuven VUNSH, Oren TAL, Dorit SIVAN, Horbat Ashdod-Yam. Preliminary Report, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 125 (2013), 08/07/2013

Birecik (al-Bīra), citadel:
‒ Jean-Baptiste CHABOT, Un épisode inédit de l’histoire des croisades (Le siège de Birta, 1145), in: Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 61 (1917-II), pp. 77-84

Burǧ ‘Arab:
‒ Balázs MAJOR, Burǧ ‘Arab – A Crusader Tower in the County of Tripoli. A Preliminary Report after the First Survey, in: K. Dévényi, T. Iványi (eds), Essays in Honour of Alexander Fodor On His Sixtieth Birthday, (The Arabist, Budapest Studies in Arabic, 23) Budapest 2001, pp. 171-182

Burǧ ‘Āsūr:
‒ Balázs MAJOR, The Rural Site of ‘Āsūr, in: P. Edbury, S. Kalopissi-Verti (eds), Archaeology and the Crusades. Proceedings of the Round Table, Nicosia, 1 February 2005, Athens 2007, pp. 157-171

Caesarea, town wall:
‒ Jean MESQUI, Nicolas FAUCHERRE, L’enceinte médiévale de Césarée, in: Bulletin Monumental 164-1 (2006), pp. 83-94

Colossi Castle:
‒ Jean-Bernard DE VAIVRE, Datation des campagnes de construction des édifices élevés par les Hospitaliers à Colossi, en Chypre, in: Comptes rendus de séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 144 (2009-I), pp. 249-258

Gastria Castle:
‒ Jean-Bernard DE VAIVRE, Sur les sites des châteaux disparus de Sigouri et de Gastria en Chypre, in: Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 142 (1998-IV), pp. 1007-1029

al-Ḥabīs Castle (Cave de Suète):
‒ Paul DESCHAMPS, Une grotte-forteresse des Croisés au delà du Jourdain: El Habis en Terre de Suète, in: Journal asiatique 227 (1935), pp. 285-299

Harenc Castle (Qal‘at Ḥārim):
‒ Sauro GELICHI, Il castello di Harim (Idlib-Siria). Aggiornamenti sulla missione archeologica: la campagna di scavo 2000, in: Le Missioni Archeologiche dell’Università di Ca’ Foscari di Venezia. III giornata di Studio, Venezia 2002, pp. 76-85

Jaffa, town wall:
‒ Elie HADDAD, Yafo Harbour. Preliminary Report, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 121 (2009), 25/8/2009 (sea wall and harbour fortress)
‒ Amit RE'EM, Yafo, the French Hospital, 2007-2008. Preliminary Report, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 122 (2010), 24/11/2010 (round tower at south wall with glacis and moat)
‒ Elie HADDAD, Yafo, Yehuda Ha-Yamit Street. Preliminary Report, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 123 (2011), 16/4/2011 (moat SW of Crusader town)
‒ Moshe SHARON, Ami SCHRAGER, Frederick II’s Arabic Inscription from Jaffa (1229), in: Crusades 11 (2012), pp. 139-158
‒ Alexander GLICK, Yafo, Yafo Harbor. Preliminary Report, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 125 (2013), 21/12/2013 (excavation 2010 of tower guarding the harbour entrance)

Jerusalem, citadel (Tower of David):
‒ Conrad SCHICK, Der Davidsthurm in Jerusalem, in: Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 1 (1878), pp. 226-237

Jerusalem, city wall:
‒ Shlomit WEKSLER-BDOLAH, Jerusalem, the New Gate, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 117 (2005), 30/11/2005 (medieval tower)
‒ Yuval BARUCH, Boaz ZISSU, Jerusalem, the Old City, Herod’s Gate. Final Report, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 118 (2006), 20/3/2006 (evidence for destruction of Fatimid wall by Crusaders; Crusader hall)
‒ Gaby MAZOR, The Northern City Wall of Jerusalem on the Eve of the First Crusade (Excavations at the ‘Jordanian Garden’), in: ‘Atiqot 51 (2006), pp. 49-53 [Hebr.], 238 [Engl.] (pre-Crusader forewall and moat)
‒ Shlomit WEKSLER-BDOLAH, The Old City Wall of Jerusalem: The Northwestern Corner, in: ‘Atiqot 54 (2006), pp. 95-119 [Hebr.], 163-164 [Engl.] (Ayyubid tower)
‒ Ronny REICH, Eli SHUKRON, Excavations in the Mamillah Area, Jerusalem: The Medieval Fortifications, in: ‘Atiqot 54 (2006), pp. 125-152 (Ayyubid city wall north of Jaffa Gate)
‒ Shlomit WEKSLER-BDOLAH, The Fortification System in the Northwestern Part of Jerusalem from the Early Islamic to the Ottoman Periods, in: ‘Atiqot 65 (2011), pp. 105-130 [Hebr.], 73-75 [Engl.]

Karak Castle:
‒ Paul DESCHAMPS, Les deux Cracs des Croisés, in: Journal asiatique 229 (1937), pp. 494-500

Margat Castle (Qal‘at al-Marqab):
‒ Raoul CHANDON DE BRIAILLES, Lignages d’Outremer. Les seigneurs de Margat, in: Syria 25 (1946/48), pp. 231-258
– Thomas RIIS, Die Übernahme Marqabs durch die Johanniter (1186), in: Z.H. Nowak (ed.), Werkstatt des Historikers der mittelalterli­chen Ritterorden. Quellenkundliche Probleme und Forschungsmethoden, (Ordines Militares, 4) Torun 1987, pp. 151-156
‒ Jochen BURGTORF, Die Herrschaft der Johanniter in Margat im Heiligen Land, in: R. Czaja, J. Sarnowsky (eds), Die Ritterorden als Träger der Herrschaft: Territorien, Grundbesitz und Kirche, (Ordines Militares, Colloquia Torunensia Historica, XIV) Toruń 2007, pp. 27-57
‒ Miklós KÁZMÉR, Balázs MAJOR, Distinguishing damages from two earthquakes–Archaeoseismology of a Crusader castle (Al-Marqab citadel, Syria), in: Geological Society of America Special Papers 471 (2010), pp. 185-198
‒ Balázs MAJOR, Medieval Cranes in Qal‘at al-Marqab, Syria, in: Hungarian Archaeology, 2012 Winter, 5 pp.
‒ Balázs MAJOR, Medieval “light construction buildings” on top of the vaulted halls of al-Marqab Citadel (Syria), in: I.C. Ferreira Fernandes (ed.), Castelos das Ordens Militares. Atas do Encontro Internacional, 10-13 de outubro de 2012 - Tomar, Convento de Cristo - Portugal, vol. II, Lisboa 2013, pp. 165-181
‒ Balázs MAJOR, Bathing in the Medieval Latin East. A Recently Discovered 13th Century Bathhouse in al-Marqab Citadel (Syria), in: Hungarian Archaeology, 2013 Winter, 7 pp.

Mi‘īlya Castle:
‒ Edna J. STERN, Mi‘ilya: Evidence of an Early Crusader Settlement, in: ‘Atiqot 70 (2012), pp. 63-76
‒ Rabei G. KHAMISY, Mi‘ilya. Final Report, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 125 (2013), 21/11/2013

Modone (Methoni), town:
‒ Nikos D. KONTOGIANNIS, I. AGGELOPOULOU, The Venetian City of Modone in SW Peloponnese: The Archaeological Evidence, in: M. Guštin, S. Gelichi, K. Spindler (eds), The Heritage of the Serenissima. The presentation of the architectural and archeological remains of the Venetian Republic. Proceedings of the international conference Izola - Venezia 4.-9.11.2005, (Annales Mediterranea) Koper 2006, pp. 221-228

Montfort Castle:
‒ Bashford DEAN, A Crusaders’ Fortress in Palestine. A Report of Explorations Made by the Museum 1926, in: The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 22, No. 9, Part II (1927), pp. 5-46
‒ David WHITEHOUSE, Glass from the Crusader Castle at Montfort, in: Annales du 16e congrès de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre, Nottingham 2005, pp. 191-193
‒ Mark T. WYPYSKI, Lisa PILOSI, Preliminary Compositional Study of Glass from the Crusader Castle at Montfort, in: Annales du 16e congrès de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre, Nottingham 2005, pp. 194-198
‒ Mathias PIANA, Die Deutschordensburg Montfort (Qal‘at al-Qur‘ain), in: M. Piana (ed.): Burgen und Städte der Kreuzzugszeit, (Studien zur internationalen Architektur- und Kunstgeschichte, 65) Petersberg 2008, pp. 343-355
‒ Adrian J. BOAS, The Montfort Castle, a New Survey, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 120 (2008), 26/3/2008
‒ Adrian J. BOAS, Montfort Castle - 2011. Preliminary Report, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 124 (2012), 19/7/2012
‒ Adrian J. BOAS, Rabei G. KHAMISY, Montfort Castle - 2012. Preliminary Report, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 125 (2013), 17/07/2013

Rugia Castle:
‒ Jean-Pascal FOURDRIN, Qasṭūn et Chastel de Ruge, in: Syria 72-3-4 (1995), pp. 415-426

Ṣāfītā Castle (Chastel Blanc):
‒ Mathias PIANA, Die Templerburg Chastel Blanc (Burǧ aṣ-Ṣāfītā), in: M. Piana (ed.), Burgen und Städte der Kreuzzugszeit, (Studien zur internationalen Architektur- und Kunstgeschichte, 65) Petersberg 2008, pp. 293-301

Saône Castle:
‒ Paul DESCHAMPS, Le château de Saone et ses premiers seigneurs, in: Syria 16-1 (1935), pp. 73-88
‒ Paul DESCHAMPS, Les travaux de M. Pierre Coupel au château de Sahyoun (Syrie), in: Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 89 (1945-II), pp. 263-268
– Thierry GRANDIN, Introduction to the Citadel of Salah al-Din, in: S. Bianca (ed.), Syria: Medieval Citadels between East and West, Turin 2007, pp. 139-180
– Jean MESQUI, Le château de Saône/Sahyoun, in: Histoire et images médiévales 11 (2007-2008), pp. 46-55

Saphet Castle:
‒ Hervé BARBÉ, Emanuel DAMATI, Zefat, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 117 (2005), 10/7/2005 (excavation of south section of the castle)
‒ Hervé BARBÉ, Zefat, Hativat Yiftah Way. Final Report, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 118 (2006), 29/03/2006 (excavation of NW section of the castle’s outer wall)
‒ Yosef STEPANSKY, Zefat, the Western Slope of Giv‘at Ha -Mezuda, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 119 (2007), 17/04/2007 (moat of Crusader/Mamluk fortress)

Servantikar Castle:
‒ Paul DESCHAMPS, Le château de Servantikar en Cilicie, le Défilé de Marris et la frontière du comté d’Édesse, in: Syria 18 (1937), pp. 379-388

Shawbak Castle:
‒ Francesca DOTTI, Qal‘at al-Shawbak: an interpretation on the basis of epigraphical data, in: P. Matthiae, L. Romani (eds), Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, vol. III, Wiesbaden 2010, pp. 23-36
‒ Pierre DRAP et al., Going to Shawbak (Jordan) and Getting the Data Back: Toward a 3D GIS Dedicated to Medieval Archaeology, in: ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XXXVIII-5/W1 (2009)

Sigouri Castle:
‒ Jean-Bernard DE VAIVRE, Sur les sites des châteaux disparus de Sigouri et de Gastria en Chypre, in: Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 142 (1998-IV), pp. 1007-1029

Silifke Castle:
‒ Mathias PIANA, The Castle of Silifke, a neglected Hospitaller fortification in Cilicia, in: I.C. Ferreira Fernandes (ed.), Castelos das Ordens Militares. Atas do Encontro Internacional, 10-13 de outubro de 2012 - Tomar, Convento de Cristo - Portugal, vol. II, Lisboa 2013, pp. 227-251

Summayl Castle:
‒ Michael EHRLICH, The lost castle of Count Rodrigo Gonzalez. El castillo perdido del Conde Rodrigo González, in: Anuario de Estudios Medievales 45 (2015), pp. 783-801

Tiberias, citadel:
‒ Yosef STEPANSKY, Tiberias, the Courtyard of the Jews. Preliminary Report, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 121 (2009), 24/8/2009 (excavation 2003 of section of the citadel's north wall and gate)

Tiberias, town wall:
‒ Abdalla MOKARY, Moshe HARTAL, Tiberias. Final Report, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 122 (2010), 17/11/2010 (excavation of a section of the western Fatimid/Crusader town wall)
‒ Moshe HARTAL, Ya‘aqov HAR´EL, Tiberias. Preliminary Report, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 125 (2013), 13/10/2013 (excavation of counterscarp and moat of southern Fatimid/Crusader town wall)
‒ Moshe HARTAL, Tiberias. Preliminary Report, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 125 (2013), 24/10/2013 (excavation of a section of Crusader south wall and moat)

Tortosa, citadel:
‒ Mourad BOUTEFLIKA, Habiter le passé. La chapelle des chevaliers de la citadelle de Tartous, Syrie, in: RehabiMed (ed.), 1ère Conference regionale Euro-méditerranéenne. Architecture Traditionelle Méditerranéenne, Present et Futur, Barcelone, du 12 au 15 juillet 2007, pp. 574-576

Tripoli, Montpèlerin Castle:
‒ Anis CHAAYA, Les fortifications des entrées du château Saint-Gilles de Tripoli, in: Archaeology & History in Lebanon 26-27 (2007), pp. 141-167
‒ Mathias PIANA, From Montpèlerin to Ṭarābulus al-Mustağaddā: The Frankish-Mamluk Succession in Old Tripoli, in: U. Vermeulen, K. D’hulster (eds), Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras VI, (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, 183) Leuven 2010, pp. 307-354

Umm Ḥūsh Castle:
‒ Balázs MAJOR, Umm Ḥūš, eine Kreuzfahrerburg im Bergland von Ṣāfītā, in: M. Piana (ed.) Burgen und Städte der Kreuzzugszeit, (Studien zur internationalen Architektur- und Kunstgeschichte, 65) Petersberg 2008, pp. 438-447

Vadum Iacob Castle:
‒ Malcolm BARBER, Frontier Warfare in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem: The Campaign of Jacob’s Ford, 1178-79, in: J. France, W.G. Zajac (eds), The Crusades and Their Sources: Essays Presented to Bernard Hamilton, Aldershot 1998, pp. 9-22
‒ Ronnie ELLENBLUM, Shmuel MARCO, Amotz AGNON, Thomas ROCKWELL, Adrian BOAS, Crusader castle torn apart by earthquake at dawn, 20 May 1202, in: Geology 26 (1998), pp. 303-306

al-Wu‘ayra Castle (Petra):
‒ Guido VANNINI, Cristina TONGHINI, Medieval Petra. The Stratigraphic Evidence from Recent Archaeological Excavations at al-Wu‘ayra, in: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan 6 (1997), pp. 371-384
‒ Cristina TONGHINI, Andrea VANNI DESIDERI, The Material Evidence from al-Wu‘ayra: A Sample of Pottery, in: Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan 7 (2001), pp. 707-719


C – Muslim Military Architecture

‘Ajlūn Castle (Qal‘at al-Rabaḍ):
‒ Cyril YOVITCHITCH, The Tower of Aybak in ‘Aǧlūn Castle: An Example of the Spread of an Architectural Concept in Early 13th-century Ayyubid Fortification, in: H. Kennedy (ed.), Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria: From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Empire, Leiden 2006, pp. 225-242
‒ Cyril YOVITCHITCH, Die aiyubidische Burg ‘Aǧlūn, in: M. Piana (ed.), Burgen und Städte der Kreuzzugszeit, (Studien zur internationalen Architektur- und Kunstgeschichte, 65) Petersberg 2008, pp. 118-125

Aleppo, city wall:
‒ Anne-Marie EDDÉ, Françoise MICHAUD, Sous les murailles d’Alep : assaillants et défenseurs de 351/962 à 658/1260, in: Le combattant au Moyen Âge. Actes de 18e congrès de la Société des historiens médiévistes de l’enseignement supérieur public à Montpellier 1987, Nantes 1991, pp. 63-72
‒ M. Amparo NÚÑEZ, Felipe BUILL, Joaquín REGOT, Andrés DE MESA, Levantamiento arquitectónico de la Puerta de Antioquía (Aleppo). Architectural survey of the Antioch gate (Aleppo), in: Informes de la Construcción 64 (2012), pp. 487-496

Aleppo, citadel:
– Julia GONNELLA, Introduction to the Citadel of Aleppo, in: S. Bianca (ed.), Syria: Medieval Citadels between East and West, Turin 2007, pp. 103-138

Bosra, citadel:
‒ Cyril YOVITCHITCH, La citadelle, in: J. Dentzer-Feydy, M. Vallerin, T. Fournet, R. and A. Mukdad (eds), Bosra aux portes de l’Arabie, (Guides archéologiques de l’Ifpo, 5) Beyrouth 2007, pp. 179-188
‒ Cyril YOVITCHITCH, Bosra: Eine Zitadelle des Fürstentums Damaskus, in: M. Piana (ed.), Burgen und Städte der Kreuzzugszeit. (Studien zur internationalen Architektur- und Kunstgeschichte, 65) Petersberg 2008, pp. 169-177

Burzaih Castle:
‒ Jean MESQUI, Bourzeÿ, une forteresse anonyme de l’Oronte, in: N. Faucherre, J. Mesqui, N. Prouteau (eds), La fortification au temps des Croisades, Rennes 2004, pp. 95-133

Cairo, city wall:
‒ Neil D. MACKENZIE, The Fortifications of al-Qāhira (Cairo) under the Ayyubids, in: H. Dajani-Shakeel, R.A. Messier (eds), The Jihād and its Times: Dedicated to Andrew Stefan Ehrenkreutz, (Michigan Series on the Middle East, 4) Ann Arbor 1991, pp. 71-95
‒ Nicholas WARNER, The Fatimid and Ayyubid Eastern Walls of Cairo: missing fragments, in: Annales Islamologiques 33 (1999), pp. 283-305
‒ Stéphane PRADINES, Benjamin MICHAUDEL, Julie MONCHAMP, La muraille ayyoubide du Caire : les fouilles archéologiques de Bāb al-Barqiyya et Bāb al-Maḥrūq, in: Annales Islamologiques 36 (2002), pp. 287-337
‒ Frédéric IMBERT, Une nouvelle inscription de Saladin sur la muraille du Caire, in: Annales Islamologiques 42 (2008), pp. 409-421
‒ Stéphane PRADINES, Les murailles de Caire, de Saladin à Napoléon, in: Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 156 (2012-II), pp. 1027-1063

Cairo, citadel:
‒ Doris BEHRENS-ABOUSEIF, The Citadel of Cairo: Stage for Mamluk Ceremonial, in: Annales Islamologiques 24 (1988), pp. 25-79
‒ Tarek Galal ABDEL-HAMID, The Citadel of Cairo in the Ayyubid Period and the Development of Thirteenth-century Fortifications: A Reconsideration, in: B. O’Kane (ed.), Creswell Photographs Re-Examined. New Perspectives on Islamic Architecture, Cairo 2008, pp. 1-42
‒ Stéphane PRADINES, Les muraillles de Creswell. Approche historiographique des fortifications du Caire, in: Mishkah. The Egyptian Journal of Islamic Archaeology 5 (2010/2011), pp. 67-107

Crac des Chevaliers Castle (Ḥiṣn al-Akrād):
‒ Benjamin MICHAUDEL, Le Crac des Chevaliers, quintessence de l’architecture militaire mamelouke, in: Annales Islamologiques 38 (2004), pp. 45-77

Damascus, city wall:
‒ Yamen DABBOUR, À la découverte de la braie et du fossé autour de l’enceinte de Damas, in: Bulletin d’Études Orientales 61 (2012), pp. 23-40

Damascus, citadel:
‒ Jean SAUVAGET, La citadelle de Damas, in: Syria 11 (1930), pp. 59-90, 216-241
‒ Andreas HARTMANN-VIRNICH, Regards sur un grand chantier ayyoubide : les portes de la citadelle de Damas. L’apport de l’étude archéologique des elevations, in: Arqueología de la Arquitectura 4 (2005), pp. 217-236
‒ Jean-Clauce BESSAC, Marianne BOQVIST, Les chantiers de construction de la citadelle de Damas : méthodologie et résultats préliminaires, in: Arqueología de la Arquitectura 4 (2005), pp. 237-249
‒ Elisa ADORNI, Giampiero VENTURELLI, Mortars and Stones of the Damascus Citadel (Syria), in: International Journal of Architectural Heritage 4 (2010), pp. 337-350
‒ Andreas HARTMANN-VIRNICH, Les portes de la citadelle de Damas. La contribution de l’archéologie du bâti à l’histoire cachée d’un monument, in: Bulletin d’Études Orientales 61 (2012), pp. 41-66

Ile de Graye (Qal‘at Ayla):
‒ Jean-Michel MOUTON, Sāmi Ṣāliḥ ‘ABD AL-MALIK, La forteresse de l’île de Graye (Qal‘at Ayla) à l’époque de Saladin. Étude épigraphique et historique, in: Annales Islamologiques 29 (1995), pp. 75-90

Jerusalem, city wall:
‒ Shlomit WEKSLER-BDOLAH, The Old City Wall of Jerusalem: The Northeastern Corner, in: ‘Atiqot 54 (2006), pp. 95-119 [Hebr.], 163-164 [Engl.] (Ayyubid tower)
‒ Ronny REICH, Eli SHUKRON, Excavations in the Mamillah Area, Jerusalem: The Medieval Fortifications, in: ‘Atiqot 54 (2006), pp. 125-152 (Ayyubid wall)

Khawābī Castle:
‒ Zeina EL-SHEIKH, Al-Khawabi Citadel: a Rehabilitation Project, in: RehabiMed (ed.), 1ère Conference regionale Euro-méditerranéenne. Architecture Traditionelle Méditerranéenne, Present et Futur, Barcelone, du 12 au 15 juillet 2007, pp. 636-638

Najm Castle:
‒ Cyril YOVITCHITCH, Qal‘at Najm : forteresse-palais des bords de l’Euphrate, in: Chronos 23 (2011), pp. 105-140

Raqqa/al-Rāfiqa, citadel:
– Stefan HEIDEMANN, Die Zitadelle von ar-Rāfiqa, in: V. Daiber, A. Becker (eds), Raqqa III. Baudenkmäler und Paläste I, Mainz 2004, pp. 49-55
‒ Stefan HEIDEMANN, The Citadel of al-Raqqa and Fortifications in the Middle Euphrates Area, in: H. Kennedy (ed.), Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria. From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period, (History of Warfare, 35) Leiden 2006, pp. 122-150

Ṣadr Castle (Qal‘at al-Ǧindī):
‒ Hassan Effendi SADEK, Salah el-Din’s Fort on Ras el-Gindi in Sinai, in: Bulletin de l’Insitut d’Égypte 2 (1919-20), pp. 111-119
‒ Jean-Michel MOUTON, Autour des inscriptions de la forteresse de Ṣadr (Qal‘at al-Ǧindī) au Sinai, in: Annales Islamologiques 28 (1994), pp. 29-57
‒ Jean-Michel MOUTON, Sāmi Ṣāliḥ ‘ABD AL-MALIK, Les décors animaliers de la forteresse de Ṣadr (Qal‘at al-Ǧindī), in: Annales Islamologiques 28 (1994), pp. 59-69
‒ Sāmi Ṣāliḥ ‘ABD AL-MALIK, Jean-Michel MOUTON, Autour des inscriptions de la forteresse de Ṣadr (addendum), in: Annales Islamologiques 30 (1996), pp. 71-77
‒ Jean-Michel MOUTON, Ṣadr, une forteresse de Saladin au Sinaï. Histoire et archéologie, in: Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 151 (2007-I), pp. 247-280

Shayzar, citadel:
‒ Cristina TONGHINI et al., The Evolution of Masonry Technique in Islamic Military Architecture: the Evidence from Shayzar, in: Levant 35 (2003), pp. 179-212
‒ Cristina TONGHINI, Nadia MONTEVECCHI, The castle of Shayzar: the results of recent archeological investigations, in: N. Faucherre, J. Mesqui, N. Prouteau (eds), La fortification au temps des Croisades, Rennes 2004, pp. 137-150
‒ Cristina TONGHINI et al., Il castello musulmano di Shayzar, Siria: nuovi dati alla campagna 2004 di indagini archeologiche e analisi degli alzati, in: Archeologia Medievale 32 (2005), pp. 209-234
‒ Cristina TONGHINI, The castle of Shayzar: the fortification of the access system, in: H. Kennedy (ed.), Muslim Military Architecture in Greater Syria. From the Coming of Islam to the Ottoman Period, (History of Warfare, 35) Leiden 2006, pp. 201-224
‒ Cristina TONGHINI, The Case of Shayzar: ‘Castle’ or Fortified Town? in: P. Matthiae, L. Romani (eds), Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, vol. III, Wiesbaden 2010, pp. 207-220
‒ Sara NONNI et al., 14C Mortar Dating: The Case of the Medieval Shayzar Citadel, Syria, in: Radiocarbon 55 (2013), pp. 514-525

Ṣubayba Castle:
‒ Max VAN BERCHEM, Le château de Bâniâs et ses inscriptions, in: Journal asiatique, 8. sér. 12 (1888), pp. 440-471

Tabor Castle (Qal‘at aṭ-Ṭūr):
‒ Yuval GUR, Mount Tabor. Final Report, in: Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel 124 (2012), 18/12/2012 (excavation 2011 of Ayyubid wall next to Gate of the Winds)