Site Name Ancient/Variant Names Coordinates Occupation Foundation of fortification Type of Site Type of Fortification State of Preservation Excavation (E), Survey (S) Excavation report (E), Monograph (M)
Adana (Arm., Tr.) see Crusader: Adana 36.985973, 35.325415 Byz (964-c.1071); Sel (c.1071-97); Cru (1097-1100); Byz (1100-01); Cru (1101-32); Arm (1132-36); Cru (1136-37); Byz (1137-?); Arm (?-1158); Byz (1158-73); Arm (1173-86); Cru (1186-94); Arm (1194-1375) Town wall: Rom?;
citadel: 758 (Abb)		 Country town; road station Town wall with eight gates and castle (citadel) Scant remains   (M) Maggiore 1842; (M) Langlois 1855; (M) Budde II 1972, 13-19; (M) Hild/ Hellenkemper I 1990, 154-158
Ak Kalesi (Tr.)   37.54847, 36.367216 Arm (13th cent.) Unknown Castle Spur castle Remains of walls and towers (Arm) (S) Edwards 1973/79 (M) Edwards 1987, 55-56; (M) Hild/Hellenkemper I 1990, 167
Alafakılar Kalesi (Tr.)     Byz?, Arm? Unknown Watch post Tower Remains of ground walls (S) Edwards 1981 (M) Edwards 1987, 57; (M) Hild/Hellenkemper 1990, 172
Alanya (Tr.) Korakesion (Gr.); Coracesium (Lat.); Kalonoros (BGr.); ‘Alā‘iyya (Ar.); Alaya (Fr.) 36.534093, 31.993922 Arm (11th cent.-1120); Byz (1120-?); Arm (?-1220); Sel (1220-93); Karamanoğlu (1293-1371); Cru (1371-?); Karamanoğlu (?-1427) Hel/Rom Harbour town Vast enceinte enclosing citadel (İçkale; see below) to W, a fortified redoubt (Ehmedek) to N, three wards, and the fortified harbour to E Walls and towers (Hel/Byz/Sel/Ott) in good condition (renovated)   (M) Alishan 1899, 368-374; (M) Konyalı 1946; (M) Lloyd/Rice 1958
Alanya (Tr.), citadel Alanya Kalesi, İçkale (Tr.) 36.533003, 31.990148 Sel (1221-93); Karamanoğlu (1293-1371); Cru (1371-?); Karamanoğlu (?-1427) 1221 (Sel) Citadel Hilltop castle, incorporated into town wall Walls and towers (Sel/Ott) in good condition (renovated) (E) Arik 2002/03/04/05 (E) Arik 2003; id. 2004; id. 2005; id. 2006
Alara Kalesi (Tr.)     Arm (?-1221); Sel (1221-?) Byz Castle Hilltop castle   (E) Eravşar 2007 (E) Eravşar 2008
Amuda (Arm.) Hemite Kale (Tr.) 37.188045, 36.094315 see Crusader: Amuda         (S) Hellenkemper 1969/1971 (M) Hellenkemper 1976, 123-131; Edwards 1987, 59-62; (M) Yovhannêsean 1989, 193-197; (M) Hild/Hellenkemper 1990, 176-177
Anacık (Tr.)   37.402379, 36.339729 Arm (13th cent.) 13th cent. (Arm) Fortified country estate Fortified house Walls (Arm) up to 2nd floor level   (M) Edwards 1987, 62; (M) Hild/Hellenkemper 1990, 178
Anahşa Kalesi (Tr.) Rodentos (BGr.); Butrentum (Fr.); Çakıt Kalesi (Tr.) 37.392222, 34.904444 Byz/Arm Byz Castle Spur castle with barbican and elongated outer ward   (S) Heffening 1915; (S) Edwards 1979 (M) Heffening 1925; (M) Hellenkemper 1976, 224-225; (M) Edwards 1987, 63-65
Anawarz (Arm.)   37.255688, 35.898764 see Crusader: Anavarze   City; centre of principality (-1198) City wall Remains of foundation walls (Abb/Ham) (S) Gough 1949; (S) Hellenkemper 1975 (M) Gough 1952; (M) Hellenkemper 1976, 191-197; (M) Hild/Hellenkemper 1990, 178-185; Hellenkemper 1990
Andawšc (Arm.) Antiocheia epi Krago (Gr.); Antiochia ad Cragum (Lat.); Antiochia parva, Antiochet, Antiochetta (Fr.); Andūshīj (Ar.); Güneyköy (Tr.) 36.15642, 32.414849 Arm (13th. cent.) 13th cent. Castle; baronial seat Hilltop castle Fragments of walls and towers (Arm)   (M) Erdemgil/Özoral 1975; (M) Yovhannêsean 1989, 244; (M) Hild/Hellenkemper 1990, 191-193
Andul (Arm.) Andıl Kalesi (Tr.) 37.547404, 35.793112 Arm (13th cent.) 13th cent.? Castle; fortified estate house; monastery? Hilltop castle; detached tower Walls of main building (Arm) up to 2nd floor level (S) Edwards 1979 (M) Edwards 1987, 72-77; Hild/Hellenkemper 1990, 187
Aṙiwcberd (Arm.) Aṙiudzberd (Arm.); Çemkale, Çem Kalesi, Kınaskalesi (Tr.) 37.55033, 36.039982 Arm (1145-?) Byz Castle Hilltop castle with small upper ward to NE Walls (Byz/Arm) in parts up to crenellations (S) Edwards 1973/79 (M) Hellenkemper 1976, 216-217; (M) Edwards 1987, 113-117; (M) Yovhannêsean 1989, 198; (M) Hild/Hellenkemper 1990, 197
Arslanköy (Tr.) Aslanköy (Tr.) 37.001077, 34.284309 Byz/Arm Unknown Castle; garrison fort Spur castle with outer ward Scant remains of walls (prob. Arm) (S) Edwards 1979 (M) Edwards 1987, 76-77; (M) Hild/Hellenkemper 1990, 200
Askuṙas (Arm.) Askora (BGr.) Unidentified (between the rivers Lamos and Kydnos) Arm (late 11th cent.-1137); Byz (1137-?); Arm (?-after 1317) Arm? Castle Castle     (M) Yovhannêsean 1989, 112-113, 587; (M) Hild/Hellenkemper 1990, 199-200
Aulāsh (Ar.) Aulai (Lat.); Aulas (BGr.); Ḥiṣn Aulāsh, al-Aulās (Ar.); prob. Aliağa (Tr.) 36.835433, 34.941756 Unknown Unknown Coastal town; port of Tarsus Town walls? Castle (Ḥiṣn Aulāsh, Ḥiṣn al-Zuhād)     (M) Hild/Hellenkemper 1990, 202
Ayas (Arm.), land castle Aigaiai (Gr.); Aegae (Lat.); Aigai, Agiasi (BGr.); Āyās (Ar.); Laias, Laicas, Laiacium (Fr.); Yumurtalık (Tr.) 36.767627, 35.792453 Arm (late 12th cent.-1322↓; 1323-37); Mam (1337-?); Arm (?-1347); Mam (1347-) 13th cent. (Arm) Castle (castrum Laiacij), protecting the harbour; main harbour of Armenian kingdom Bow-shaped enceinte with four towers   (S) Hellenkemper 1971; (S) Edwards 1974/81 (M) Alishan 1899, 426-448; (M) Hellenkemper 1976, 154-164; (M) Edwards 1987, 77-83; (M) Hild/Hellenkemper 1990, 160-164
Ayas (Arm.), sea castle id. 36.768967, 35.796777 Arm (c.1282-1322↓; 1323-37); Mam (1337-?); Arm (?-1347); Mam (1347-) c.1282 (Arm) Island castle, protecting the harbour     (S) Edwards 1974/81 (M) Hellenkemper 1976, 162-163; (M) Edwards 1987, 81-83
Azgit Kalesi (Tr.) Šołakan (Arm.) 37.609562, 36.382234 Arm Unknown Castle Spur castle     (M) Edwards 1987, 82-84