Site Name Ancient/Variant Names Geographic Coordinates Occupation Foundation of Fortification Type of Site Type of Fortification State of Preservation Excavation (E),
Survey (S)
Excavation Report (E), Monograph (M)  
Abacuc, S. (Fr.) Saint Abbacu de Cantie, Saint Abacuch de Can- sie (Fr.); al-Kanīsa, Kh. Kafr Jinnis (Ar.) 31.985266, 34.900742 Cru (bef. 1150-87↓, 1217-68↓) bef. 1150 (Cru) Fortified monastery Tower (c. 9 m squ.) No visible remains (S) Conder/Kitchener 1874/75 (M) Conder/Kitchener II 1882, 265; (M) Pringle I 1993, 283-285  
Ablasta (Fr., Arm.) Ablastha (Gr.); Plasta (BGr.); Albistān, Abulustayn (Ar.); Plastentia (Fr.); Aplast’a (Arm.); Elbistan (Tr.) 38.21304, 37.146356 Arm (1071-84); Sel (1084-97); Cru (1097-1105, 1107-11); Sel (1111-24); Dan (1124-44); Sel (1144-1243); Mon (1243-) Unknown Castle (Kız Kalesi) Spur castle        
Abraham, S. (Fr.) Abromios (BGr.); Castellum ad Sanctum Abraham, Ebron (Fr.); Ḥabrā, al-Khalīl (Ar.) 31.524724, 35.110778 Cru (1100-87); Ayy (1187-1260); Mam (1260-) Rom (Herodian) Fortified Roman sanctuary Rectangular enclosure (Rom) with fortified annexe to SW (Cru) Good; fortified annexe ↓1960s (S) Pierotti 1854/61; (S) Conder 1881; (S) Richmond 1917; (S) Mackay/Vincent 1920 (M) Pierotti 1869; (M) Conder/Kitchener III 1883, 333-346; (M) Vincent et al. 1923; (M) Pringle I 1993, 224-239; id. 1997, 50.  
Abū l-‘Adas (Ar.)   unidentified (near Tripoli) Cru (12th cent.) Unknown Castle (reported) Unknown        
Accon (Fr.) Accho (Hb.); Akko, Ake (Gr.); Ptolemais (Gr., Lat., BGr.); ‘Akkā (Ar.); Achon, Accaron, Saint-Jean d’Acre (Fr.); ‘Akko (Hb.) 32.921631, 35.069076 Fat (-1104); Cru (1104-87); Ayy (1187-91); Cru (1191-1291↓) City wall: Hel
Montmusard: Cru (13th cent.)
harbour: Tul (9th cent.)
Harbour city; Capital of the Kingdom of Jerusa- lem (1192-1291) City wall (Fat/Cru) and wall of suburb of Mont-musard, each with fore-wall, and c. 30 towers; fortified harbour Scant remains above ground (E) Dothan 1976; (E) Druks 1984; (E) Hartal/Syon 1991; (E) Stern 2000/01 (M) Rustum 1926; (E) Dothan 1976; id. 1978; (M) Jacoby 1979; (E) Druks 1984; (M) Frankel 1987; (E) Hartal 1997; (M) Kedar 1997; (E) Stern 2000; (M) Kedar 2000; (E) Stern 2007; (M) Jacoby 2008  
Accon, Hospitale (Fr.)   32.923405, 35.069375 Cru (c.1135-87); Ayy (1187-91); Cru (1191-1291↓) c.1135 Headquarters of Knights Hospitaller Fortified urban com-pound Walls up to 2nd floor level (E) 1955-64; (E) 1990; (E) Stern/Avissar 1992-96; (E) Stern 1997- (E) Stern 1990; (E) Avissar/ Stern 1995; (E) Stern 1998; id. 2006  
Accon, Templum (Fr.)   32.920053, 35.065977 Cru (bef. 1172-87); Ayy (1187-91); Cru (1191-1291↓) bef. 1172 Headquarters of Knights Templar Castle Foundations      
Achova (Fr.) Akova (BGr.); Matagrifon, Mategriffon (Fr.)   Cru (c.1209-1316/21); Byz (1316/21-1391) c.1209 (Cru) Castle Spur castle Fragments of walls and towers (Cru)   (M) Bon 1969, 393-400, 634-635  
Adana (BGr., Fr., Arm., Tr.) Uru Adaniyya (Hit.); Antiocheia tis Kilikias (Gr.); Adana (Lat.); Adhana (Ar.); Atana (Arm.); Adane, Athena, Azara, Azera (Fr.) 36.985973, 35.325415 Byz (964-c.1071); Sel (c.1071-97); Cru (1097-1100); Byz (1100-01); Cru (1101-32); Arm (1132-36); Cru (1136-37); Byz (1137-?); Arm (?-1158); Byz (1158-73); Arm (1173-86); Cru (1186-94); Arm (1194-1375) Town wall: Rom?;
citadel: 758 (Abb)
Country town; road station Town wall with eight gates and castle (citadel) Scant remains   (M) Maggiore 1842; (M) Langlois 1855; (M) Budde II 1972, 13-19; (M) Hild/ Hellenkemper I 1990, 154-158  
Adelon (Fr.) (Mutatio) Ad Nonum (Lat.); ‘Adlūn (Ar.) 33.405943, 35.274113 Cru (12th/13th cent.) 12th cent. (Cru) Castle (reported); baronial seat Unknown No visible remains      
al-‘Afūlā (Ar.) Afula (Hb.) 32.607408, 35.290563 Cru (12th/13th cent.) 12th cent. (Cru) Road station? Outpost of nearby La Fève? Tower (rectangular walls 19 m squ.) Extant walls, more than 5 m high (E) Sukenik 1926/31 (E) Sukenik 1948, 69-70; (E) Dothan 1955; (M) Pringle 1997, 18  
Ahamant (Fr.) Rabbath Ammon (Hb.); Philadelphia (Gr., Lat.); Haman (Fr.); ‘Ammān (Ar.) 31.954441, 35.934883 Cru (1118/28-bef. 1170↓); Ayy (1188-1260); Mam (1260-) Rom Unknown (re-use of older fortifications of the citadel?) Fortified outpost; Templar stronghold Fragments of walls and towers (Rom/Um/Abb); no verified Cru remains (E, S) Northedge 1979, 1981 (E) Northedge 1983; (E) id. 1992, 54-55, 105-127 (Wood), 159-161  
Ahmid (Fr.) Ahmud, Toron Aghmid (Fr.); Aghmīd (Ar.) 33.763213, 35.695973 Cru (12th/13th cent.) 12th cent. (Cru) Castle Spur castle No visible remains      
Aila (Fr., BGr.) Elim, Elat (Hb.); Ailon, Elana (Gr.); Aila, Aelana (Lat.); Ailath (BGr.); Ayla (Ar., Fr.); Elim, Helim, Elya, Elyn (Fr.); al-`Aqaba (Ar.) 29.530685, 34.999946 Fat (-1116); Cru (1116-?); Fat (?-c.1142); Cru (c.1142-70); Ayy (1170-81); Cru (1181-82); Ayy (1182-1250); Mam (1250-) c.650 (Um) Harbour town see Islamic: Ayla No Cru remains see Islamic: Ayla see Islamic: Ayla  
Aineseins (Fr.) Valdecurs (Fr.); `Ayn Sīniyā (Ar.) 31.972617, 35.229583 Cru (12th cent.) Cru? Castle small Crusading fort described (not verified)   (S) Conder/Kitchener (M) Conder/Kitchener II 1882, 291; Bagatti 1979, 110-111; (M) Pringle 1997, 20  
Akāf (Ar.) Aphaka (BGr.); Afqā (Ar.) 34.068122, 35.891577 Cru (?-1167↓) 12th cent. (Cru) Castle; road station Castle (fortified Roman temple) Ruins (of temple)      
al-Akma (Ar.)   unidentified (hinterland of Archas) Cru (?-1109); Sel (1109-?) Unknown Castle (reported) Fortified Roman temple of Akrūm?        
Alba (Fr.) Albe (Fr.); Ḥalbā (Ar.) 34.54463, 36.080237 Cru (c.1109-67); Zen (1167-?); Cru (?-1266); Mam (1266-) Unknown Castle Spur castle Scant remains (S) Piana 2004    
Albara (Fr.), castle Kapropera (BGr.); Bara, Albaria, Albare (Fr.); al-Barā (Ar.) 35.69381, 36.534859 Sel (c.1070-98); Cru (1098-1104; 1105-19); Sel (1119-22); Cru (1122-23); Art (1123-32); Cru (1132-48); Zen (1148-85); Ayy (1185-1260); Mam (1260-) 11th cent. (Fat) Castle (Qal‘at Abū Safyān) Keep and bailey castle with outer ward Donjon (Fat/Cru) up to top level; sections of walls of bailey and outer ward (S) Fourdrin (M) Fourdrin 1995  
Albara (Fr.), church id.; al-Ḥiṣn (Ar.) 35.691608, 36.531069 id. 5th cent. (Byz) Fortified church (al-Ḥiṣn); seat of bishopric Castrum Foundation walls (S) Fourdrin    
Alexandrette (Fr.) Alexandreia kat´Isson (Gr.); al-Iskandarūna (Ar.); Alexandria Minor, Alexandriola, Alexandreta, Iscenderum (Fr.); İskenderun (Tr.) 36.58677, 36.170933 Cru (1097-1268); Mam (1268-) Hel/Abb Harbour town Town wall; fortified harbour? Scant remains (S) Chammas 1930-31 (M) Alishan 1899, 500-501; (M) Chammas 1931; (M) Hellenkemper/Hild 1986, 112-115; Hild/Hellenkemper 1990, 170-172  
Amuda (Arm., Fr.) Amudain, Hamuda, Hamudain, Adamodana (Fr.); al-‘Amūdayn (Ar.); Hemite Kale (Tr.) 37.188045, 36.094315 Arm (1144/46-1212); Cru (1212-66↓) Byz? Castle; centre of lordship (1144/46-1212); stronghold of Teutonic Knights (1212-66) Spur castle of keep and bailey type Remains of foundation walls of enceinte (Arm) and donjon (Cru) (S) Hellenkemper 1969/1971 (M) Hellenkemper 1976, 123-131; Edwards 1987, 59-62; (M) Yovhannêsean 1989, 193-197; (M) Hild/Hellenkemper 1990, 176-177  
Anavarze (Fr.) Anazarbon (Gr.); Caesarea (Lat.); Justinopolis, Anazarbos, Anabarza (BGr.); ‘Ayn Zarbā, Nāwarzā (Ar.); Naversa (Fr.); Anarchapat, Anarzap (Arm.); Anavarza (Tr.) 37.255688, 35.898764 Byz (961-c.1089); Sel (c.1089-97); Cru (1097-1111); Arm (1111-37); Byz (1137-44); Arm (1144-58); Byz (1158-62); Arm (1162-98↓) Rom/Abb/Ham City City wall Remains of foundation walls (Abb/Ham) (S) Gough 1949; (S) Hellenkemper 1975 (M) Gough 1952; (M) Hellenkemper 1976, 191-197; (M) Hild/Hellenkemper 1990, 178-185; Hellenkemper 1990  
Anavarze (Fr.), citadel Anavarza Kalesi (Tr.) 37.253599, 35.904819 Byz (-c.1089); Sel (c.1089-97); Cru (1097-1111); Arm (1111-37); Byz (1137-44); Arm (1144-58); Byz (1158-62); Arm (1162-1268); Mam (1268-?); Arm (?-1375) Rom; outer wards: 10th/11th cent. (Byz) Citadel, linked to city Spur castle with outer wards to N and S Outer walls (Rom/Byz/ Arm), some vaults and front tower (Arm) to 2nd floor (S) Gough 1949; (S) Edwards 1973, 1974, 1979, 1981 (M) Gough 1952; (M) Hellenkemper 1976, 191-201; (M) Edwards 1987, 65-72  
Antiochia (Fr.) Antiochos (Gr.); Theoupolis (BGr.); Anṭākiya (Ar.); Antioche (Fr.); Antakya (Tr.) 36.20261, 36.16036 Byz (-1071); Arm (1071-84); Sel (1084-98); Cru (1098-1268); Mam (1268-) Hel City; centre of Principal-ity of Antioch City wall with forewall, 360 towers and five gates Bases of walls and towers (Byz) on Mount Silpius only (S) Weferling 2005-07 (M) Weferling et al. 2007; (M) Brasse 2010  
Antiochia, castellum (Fr.) Colax (BGr.); Antakya Kalesi (Tr.) 36.204263, 36.181957 id. 10th cent. (Byz) Citadel, linked to inner city wall Spur castle with fore-wall (in parts) and 14 towers Foundation walls of enceinte and towers (Byz/Cru), some vaults      
‘Aqrabā (Ar.) Acrabatta (Lat.); Akrabbin (BGr.) 32.129397, 35.341595 Cru (12th cent.) Cru? Manor house? Courtyard building (al-Ḥiṣn) on top of hill Ruins (S) Conder 1874 (M) Conder/Kitchener II 1882, 386, 389; (M) Pringle 1997, 20  
Aqua Bella (Fr.) Dayr al-Banāt, Kh. Iqbālā (Ar.); ‘En Hemed (Hb.) 31.796367, 35.125971 Cru (early 12th cent.-1187) 12th cent. (Cru) Manor house? Courtyard building Walls to 2nd floor level (S) Pringle 1986 (M) Pringle 1992  
Aquila (Fr.) Aetòs (MGr.) 37.244991, 21.836941 Cru (1338-88) 1338 (Cru) Castle Hilltop castle Scant remains   (M) Breuillot 2005, 155-159  
Aradium (Fr.) Arados (Gr.); Aradius (Lat.); Aradium, Rouwad (Fr.); ar-Rawād (Ar.) 34.856032, 35.85859 Cru (c.1102-1291; 1300-02↓) Phn Island town with fortified harbour Town wall (using pre-existing Phoenician walls) Remains of Phoenician walls only (S) Renan 1860; (S) Savignac 1915 (M) Renan I 1864, 39-41; (M) Chester 1875, 218-221; (M) Savignac 1916  
Aradium (Fr.), citadel id.; al-Ḥiṣn (Ar.) 34.856446, 35.857454 id. Unknown (Byz?) Urban citadel          
Archas (Fr.) Arka (Gr.); Arca, Caesarea ad Libanum (Lat.); Archis, Arachis, Archados, Arca (Fr.); ‘Irqā, ‘Arqā (Ar.) 34.530662, 36.045863 Fat (-1108); Sel (1108-09); Cru (1109-38); Zen (1138-?); Cru (?-1261); Mam (1261); Cru (1261-66) Hel Urban citadel Hilltop castle Stretches of foundation walls (excavated) (E) 1972- (E) Will et al. 1973; (E) Thalmann 1978; (E) Leriche 1983; (E) Thalmann 1998; (E) Thalmann 2000  
Arcican (Fr.) Arcekan, Artican (Fr.); Arzaghān at-Taḥtānī (Ar.) 35.817824, 36.337096 Cru (1098-1162↓); Ayy (1190s-?) Unknown (pre-Cru) Country town Town walls No visible remains      
Argues (Fr.) Árgos (MGr.)   Byz (-1212); Cru (1212-1388); Byz (1388-94); Venice (1394-) Mycenaean Castle; baronial seat (fief of Duchy of Athens) Hilltop castle consisting of castrum surrounded by outer ward on W, N, and E sides Walls (Mycenaean/ Hel/Byz/Cru/Venetian/ Ott), partially up to crenellations   (M) Andrews 1953, 106-115; (M) Bon 1969, 674-676  
Arima (Fr.) al-‘Arayma, Qal‘at al-‘Arīma (Ar.) 34.744426, 36.042456 Cru (early 12th cent.-1167); Zen (1167-1169/70); Cru (1169/70-1271); Mam (1271-) 12th cent. (Cru) Castle, Templar stronghold Concentric spur castle with two outer wards Walls and towers (Cru) on ground level      
Arkadia (Fr.) Arcadia, Arcadie, Archadia (Fr.); Kiparissía (Gr.)   Byz (-1205); Cru (1205-1430) 12th cent. (Byz) Castle       (M) Bon 1969, 669-670; (M) Andrews 2006, 84-89  
Armanāz (Ar.) Larmanaza (Lat.); Larmanazinos (BGr.) 36.08454, 36.504432 Cru (1160-1200) Unknown Country town Town wall        
Arsur (Fr.) Apollonias (Gr); Apollonia (Lat.); Sozousa (BGr.); Assur, Arsuth, Arsit, Arsith, Arsid (Fr.); Arsūf (Ar.) 32.193585, 34.80651 Cru (1101-87); ↓1191; Cru (1191-1265↓) c.700 (Um) Harbour town; centre of lordship (-1261); Hospitaller stronghold (1261-65) Town wall, fortified harbour Walls on ground floor level (excavated) (E) Roll 1990-93, 1996, 1998-2000 (M) Roll 1995; id. 1996, 2000, 2006, 2008  
Arsur (Fr.), arx (citadel)   32.195278, 34.806567 Cru (1241-65↓) 1241 (Cru) Urban citadel Spur castle Walls on ground floor level (excavated) (E) Roll 1998-2002 (M) Roll 2008  
Artasia (Fr.) Artach (BGr.); Artāḥ, Irtāḥ (Ar.); Artesia, Arthesia (Fr.); Reyhanlı (Tr.)   Sel (1066-97); Cru (1097-1104); Sel (1104-05); Cru (1105-47); Zen (1147-?); Ayy (13th cent.)↓ Unknown Country town Town walls        
Ascalon (Fr.) Askalon (Gr., Lat.); ‘Asqalān (Ar.); Ascalo, Ascalona, Scalona, Escalone (Fr.), Ashqelon (Hb.) 31.663494, 34.546464 Fat (-1153); Cru (1153-87), Ayy (1187-91), Cru (1192-93, 1239-47↓); ↓1270 MB Coastal city City wall, 3.5 km long, with forewall, 4 gates, and 53 towers (until 1191); c. 20 towers at main wall in 13th cent. In ruins since 1270; fragments of walls (Fat/Cru), towers and glacis (Cru) (S) Guérin 1854; (S) Conder 1875; (S) Mackenzie 1911 (M) Guérin 1857; (M) Rey 1871, 205-210; (M) Conder 1875, 152-157; (M) Conder/Kitchener III 1883, 237-247; (M) Mackenzie 1913; (M) Prawer 1956, id. 1958; (M) Benvenisti 1970, 114-130; (M) Kedar/Mook 1978; (M) Pringle 1984; (M) Schloen 1995; (M) Sharon 1995, id. 1997; (M) Boas/ Piana 2008  
Ascalon, castrum (Fr.)   31.666702, 34.548372 Cru (1239-47↓); ↓1270 1239 (Cru) Urban citadel Concentric castle in NW corner of town Fragments of walls and towers (Cru) (S) Pringle (M) Pringle 1984, 143-146; (M) Boas/Piana 2008  
Atharib (Fr.) Cerep(um), Cereph, Cerez (Fr.); al-Athārib (Ar.) 36.137863, 36.822735 Sel (-1110); Cru (1110-19); Sel (1119-23); Cru (1123-35); Zen (1135-38); Byz (1138); Zen (1138↓) Unknown (pre-Cru) Castle Hilltop castle No visible remains      
Aulāsh (Ar.) Aulai (Lat.); Aulas (BGr.); Ḥiṣn Aulāsh, al-Aulās (Ar.); prob. Aliağa (Tr.) 36.835433, 34.941756 Unknown Unknown Coastal town; port of Tarsus Town walls? Castle (Ḥiṣn Aulāsh, Ḥiṣn al-Zuhād) No visible remains   (M) Hild/Hellenkemper 1990, 202  
‘Ayn al-Ḥabīs (Ar.)   31.766069, 35.130413 Cru Unknown Hermitage? convent? Tower Walls at ground floor level (S) Pringle 1981 (M) Pringle I 1993, 24-26; (M) Pringle 1997, 18  
`Ayn al-Ḥaramīya (Ar.) Birkat al-Dāwiyya (Ar.) 31.998849, 35.252173 Cru (-1187); Ayy (1187-) Cru? Templar road station Fortified cistern Ground walls   (M) Guérin II 1874, 36; (M) Pringle 1997, 18-19  

Abbreviations:
Ar. = Arabic
Arm. = Armenian
BGr. = Byzant. Greek
Fr. = Frankish
Gr. = (Ancient) Greek
Hb. = Hebrew
Hit. = Hittite
Lat. = (Classical) Latin
MGr. = Modern Greek
Tr. = Turkish

bef. = before
c. = circa
cent. = century
id. = idem
Kh. = Khirbat (ruin)
prob. = probably
S. = Sanctus
squ. = square

bold = present name


Abb = Abbasid(s)
Arm = Armenian(s)
Art = Artuqid(s)
Byz = Byzantine(s)
Ayy = Ayyubid(s)
Cru = Crusader(s)
Dan = Danishmend(s)
Fat = Fatimid(s)
Ham = Hamdanid(s)
Hel = Hellenistic
Ism = Ismaili(s)
Mam = Mamluk(s)
MB = Middle Bronze Age
Mon = Mongol(s)
Ott = Ottoman(s)
Phn = Phoenician
Rom = Roman(s)
Sel = Seljuk(s)
Tul = Tulunid(s)
Um = Umayyad(s)
Zen = Zengid(s)
↓ = destruction, abandonment